From economic ‘miracle’ to cautionary tale: Japan’s development and recession

Japan has slipped from being the world's third-largest economy to being officially in recession. The country’s GDP fell to US$4.2 trillion in 2023, placing it behind Germany, China and the US. Japan's economy has been struggling since the burst of its bubble economy in the 1990s, characterised by low growth and deflation. To recover, experts say Japan needs significant structural reforms, increased innovation and productivity and efforts to empower women.

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